PERBAIKAN SIFAT TANAMAN MELALUI
FUSI PROTOPLAS
(Improvement of Plant Character via Protoplast Fusion)
Oleh :
Daniel P. Lauterboom, SP
ABSTRACT
FUSI PROTOPLAS
(Improvement of Plant Character via Protoplast Fusion)
Oleh :
Daniel P. Lauterboom, SP
ABSTRACT
Plant propagation by conventional generative and vegetative organ usually are not economic, because they cannot provide seedling in large number, also offer high character variability of plant. Besides, the differences of number of chromosomes, being separated problem. The application of biotechnology is expected able to overcome various constraints in productivity which are difficult to be overcame by conventional methods. The improvement of productivity, for example, can be reached by passed improvement of genetic potencial of plant and its resistance to condition that is not supporting, also interfere with organism such as pest and disease. One of tissue culture technique that recently advance is protoplasm culture technique. The protoplasm can be isolated from cell and it is grown at in vitro condition. Protoplasm is plant cell which is eliminating of cell-wall or plant naked-cell without coating. Protoplast fusion was conducted to overcome genetic barrier arised in sexual crossing, especially incompatibility and sterility of F1 hybrid. This generally occurred in interspecific and intergeneric hybridization that both have distinct in genetic relationship.
A. PENDAHULUAN
Aplikasi bioteknologi diharapkan dapat mengatasi berbagai kendala dalam berproduksi yang tidak dapat diatasi melalui cara konvensional. Bioteknologi tanaman pada dasarnya dapat dilakukan melalui dua cara, yaitu kultur in vitro dan rekombinasi DNA. Perbaikan genetik tanaman melalui kultur in vitro dapat dilakukan melalui beberapa cara, antara lain peningkatan keragaman somaklonal, penyelamatan embrio, fertilisasi in vitro, kultur haploid, dan fusi protoplas (hibridisasi somatik).
Keragaman tanaman yang dihasilkan melalui fusi protoplas lebih tinggi dibandingkan melalui persilangan seksual karena: 1) terjadinya segregasi inti dan sitoplasma yang menghasilkan kombinasi unik antara informasi genetik pada inti dan sitoplasma, 2) instabilitas kombinasi inti sel yang menyebabkan hilangnya beberapa informasi genetik, dan 3) variabilitas akibat subkultur relatif tinggi sehingga dapat membentuk keragaman somaklonal (Ammirato et al. 1983). Fusi protoplas dapat dilakukan secara simetris dan asimetris. Fusi simetris didapat dengan menggabungkan dua jenis genom sehingga diperoleh hasil yang bersifat antara (intermediate). Fusi asimetris didapat dengan cara genom inti salah satu tetua dihilangkan (melalui iradiasi) dan tetua yang lain dihilangkan sitoplasmanya dengan iodoasetomide. Hasil fusi asimetris umumnya disebut dengan nama cybrid.
